Causas exógenas
Embora ainda não confirmado, há agora uma forte suspeita que os ataques em Londres foram levados a cabo por bombistas suicidas.
Já uma vez aqui me referi à investigação de Robert Pape, professor da Universidade de Chicago, sobre os bombistas suicidas e o perfil dos terroristas, tendo reunido a maior base de dados do mundo sobre esta matéria. O seu mais recente livro foi bem acolhido, mas desde o ataque a Londres, tem recebido particular atenção.
No passado domingo, o autor publicou um artigo no NY Times, em que mostrava como o terrorismo islâmico é, sobretudo, uma resposta à ocupação dos países por americanos e europeus- desmontando sistematicamente a tese da sua ligação a motivações religiosas- e como o recrutamento de terroristas é sobretudo feito aí e em países aliados dos EUA e não dos habitualmente tidos como tal (Irão, Líbia, Iraque):
"the overwhelming majority of attackers are citizens of Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf countries in which the United States has stationed combat troops since 1990. Of the other suicide terrorists, most came from America's closest allies in the Muslim world - Turkey, Egypt, Pakistan, Indonesia and Morocco - rather than from those the State Department considers "state sponsors of terrorism" like Iran, Libya, Sudan and Iraq."
Nos gráficos mostra-se isso mesmo, tanto quanto o deliberado planeamento dos ataques relativamente à nacionalidade das vítimas:
"what is common among the attacks is not their location but the identity of the victims killed. Since 2002, the group has killed citizens from 18 of the 20 countries that Osama bin Laden has cited as supporting the American invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq."
Numa entrevista concedida à American Conservative, Pape diz:
TAC: So if Islamic fundamentalism is not necessarily a key variable behind these groups, what is?
RP: The central fact is that overwhelmingly suicide-terrorist attacks are not driven by religion as much as they are by a clear strategic objective: to compel modern democracies to withdraw military forces from the territory that the terrorists view as their homeland. From Lebanon to Sri Lanka to Chechnya to Kashmir to the West Bank, every major suicide-terrorist campaign—over 95 percent of all the incidents—has had as its central objective to compel a democratic state to withdraw.(...)
RP: The central fact is that overwhelmingly suicide-terrorist attacks are not driven by religion as much as they are by a clear strategic objective: to compel modern democracies to withdraw military forces from the territory that the terrorists view as their homeland. From Lebanon to Sri Lanka to Chechnya to Kashmir to the West Bank, every major suicide-terrorist campaign—over 95 percent of all the incidents—has had as its central objective to compel a democratic state to withdraw.(...)
The evidence shows that the presence of American troops is clearly the pivotal factor driving suicide terrorism.
Podem fazer o download de um dos seus artigos aqui. (PDF)
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